Credit Cards¶
This chapter will show you how to manage your credit cards using GnuCash.
Concepts¶
Since you probably write a check or make an electronic payment to the credit card company each month, you may think of your credit card bill as an expense - but it really is not an expense. Why? A credit card account is a short-term loan - you buy things on that loan account, and then you eventually have to pay back the money, often with interest (your finance charge). The purchases you make with that credit card are your expenses.
You have a couple of options when entering credit card transactions, so choose the one that fits your desired level of detail. The simplest method is to simply track monthly payments to the credit card company. From your bank account, you enter a transfer of money each month to the credit card expense account. This will show you the amount of money you are paying each month to the credit card company, but it won’t show you any information about your credit card balance or credit card purchases.
A more complete way to track your credit card in GnuCash is to enter each purchase and payment as a separate transaction. Using the credit card account register, you enter your receipts throughout the month. When your credit card statement arrives, you reconcile the credit card account to the statement, and you enter your payment as a transfer of money from your checking account to your credit card account. This method gives you more information about your balance during the month and points out any discrepancies during reconciliation, but you will have to do more data entry.
Setting Up Accounts¶
To begin managing your credit cards in GnuCash, you should set up a Liability top level account and under this parent account create credit card type accounts for each credit card you use. If you are tracking only the payments you make to the credit card company, then all you need is a bank account and a credit card account to enter your transactions.
The charges you make on your credit card are expenses, so you will have to set up these accounts under the top-level account called Expenses. If you decide to keep a more detailed records of your purchases, you will need to create expense accounts for each kind of purchase you make. Since you will also be reconciling the balance to your credit card statements, you should also enter an opening balance in each credit card account. The easiest way to do this is to use your last statement balance as the opening balance.
Simple Setup¶
If you do not want to track each expense made on the credit card, you can set up a simple account hierarchy like this:
-Assets
-Bank
-Liabilities
-Credit Card
-Expenses
-Credit Card
In this example, if you enter your total amount charged per month as a transaction between Liabilities:Credit Card and Expenses:Credit Card. When you make a payment, you would enter a transaction between Assets:Bank and Liabilities:Credit Card.
The obvious limitation of this simple credit card setup is that you cannot see where your money is going. All your credit card expenses are being entered in the Credit Card expense account. This is, however, very simple to set up and maintain.
Complete Setup¶
If you want to track your expenses more completely, you should set up multiple expense accounts named for the various kinds of expenses you have. Each charge on your credit card is then entered as a separate transaction between your Credit Card liability account and a specific expense account. Below is an example of an account hierarchy for this:
-Assets
-Bank
-Liabilities
-Credit Card
-Expenses
-Food
-Car
-Clothes
-Entertainment
-Interest
-Service
Clearly, you should enter specific expense accounts which fit your spending habits. The only difference with this setup as compared to the simple setup is that the expenses have been subdivided by groups. Also notice that there is an “Interest” expense, this is used for when your credit card charges interest on your monthly unpaid balance. The “Service” expense account is used to track service expenses associated with the credit card, such as the yearly usage fee if it exists. With this setup, you will be able to see where your money goes every month, grouped according to the expense accounts.
The rest of this chapter will assume you are using the complete setup.
Entering Charges¶
Entering your charges provides you with a more complete picture of your spending habits. Charges on a credit card are tracked as a transaction between the credit card liability account and the appropriate expense account.
When you pay for goods or services with your credit card, you are telling the credit card company to pay the merchant for you. This transaction will increase the amount of money you owe the credit card company, and the credit card balance will increase. The other side of these transactions will in most cases be an expense account. For example, if you buy clothing from a store with your credit card for $50, you would be transferring that money from the credit account into Expenses:Clothing.
Entering these transactions into GnuCash allows you to track how much you owe the credit card company, as well as provides you a better picture of your overall accounts. It also allows you to monitor your account and ensure that fraud is avoided.
Adding transactions to a credit card account is similar to entering transactions in other accounts. You can enter them manually, or import them from your credit card company using a compatible import format.
For assistance with entering transactions, see Chapter 6 of the Help manual and Transactions.
Entering Payments¶
Most payments to your credit card bill are entered as transfers from a bank account (asset) to the credit card account (liability). When you pay the monthly bill, you are withdrawing money from a bank account to pay down the credit card balance. This transaction decreases both your bank account balance and the amount of credit card debt you owe.
When you return a purchase, you receive a refund on your credit card. This is another type of payment in that it decreases the amount of credit card debt you owe. If you recorded the original purchase transaction as a transfer from the credit card account to the expense, you now simply reverse that transaction: transfer the money back from the expense to the credit card account. This transaction decreases both the expense account balance and the credit card account balance. For example, if you originally recorded a credit card purchase of clothing, the transaction is a transfer from the credit card account to the clothing expense account. If you then return that clothing for a refund, you simply transfer the money back from the clothing expense account to the credit card account.
Note
A common mistake is to enter a refund as income. It is not income, but rather a “negative expense”. That is why you must transfer money from the expense account to your credit card when you receive a refund.
To clarify this, let’s run through an example. You bought some jeans for $74.99 on your VISA card, but realized one day later that they are too big and want to return them. The shop gracefully agrees, and refunds your credit card.
Start with opening the previous datafile we stored (
gcashdata_5), and store it asgcashdata_6.Open the Liabilities:Visa account register and enter a simple 2 account transaction to pay the $74.99 jeans purchase. The Transfer account should be Expenses:Clothes and you Charge your Visa account with the $74.99.
Note
Since we had not created the Expenses:Clothes account previously, GnuCash will prompt us to create it. Just remember to create it as an Expense account
Enter the refund in one of the following way.
Enter the same transaction as the purchase transaction, but instead of a “Charge” amount, use a “Payment” amount in the Credit Card account register.
Select the purchase transaction you want to refund (that is the Jeans transaction in our case), and selecting Transaction > Add Reversing Transaction. Modify the date as needed.
After reversing the transaction, your credit card account should look something like this:
And the Expenses:Clothes register should look something like this:
Save the GnuCash data file.
Putting It All Together¶
Now that we have covered the basic ideas behind the various transactions you must make to successfully track your credit card in GnuCash, let’s go through an example. In this example, we will make credit card purchases, refund two of the purchases, get charged interest on the unpaid balance, reconcile the credit card account, and finally make a partial payoff of the credit card.
Open GnuCash file¶
Start with opening the previous datafile we stored, gcashdata_5, and
store it as gcashdata_6 directly. The main window should look
something like this:
Purchases¶
Let’s make some purchases on our visa card. Start by buying $25 worth of food from the Greasy Spoon Cafe, $100 worth of clothing from Faux Pas Fashions, $25 worth of gasoline from Premium Gasoline, $125 worth of groceries and household items from Groceries R Us (split between $85 in groceries and $40 in household items) and finally, $60 worth of household items from CheapMart.
We also redo the exercise in previous chapter, with purchasing a pair of Jeans for $74.99 on April 3, and refund them two days later.
The register window for the credit card liability should look like this:
Refund¶
Now suppose that on April 15th you return the clothes you bought on April 11th from Faux Pas Fashions and they give you credit back on your credit card. Enter a transaction for the credit card refund for the full $100 amount. Remember to use the same transfer account you used for the original purchase, and enter the amount under the Payment column. GnuCash will automatically complete the name and transfer account for you, but it will also automatically enter the $100 in the Charge column. You will need to reenter the amount in the Payment column. The transaction looks like this:
Interest Charge¶
After the month of spending, unfortunately, the credit card bill arrives in the mail or you access it on-line through the internet. You have been charged $20 in interest on the last day of April because of the balance you carried from the previous month. This gets entered into the credit card account as an expense.
Reconciliation¶
When your credit card bill arrives you should reconcile your credit card account to this document. This is done using GnuCash’s built-in reconciliation application. Highlight the credit card account and click on Actions > Reconcile…. This reconciliation procedure is described in detail in the Reconciliation, but we will step through the process here as well. For this example, let’s assume that the credit card statement is dated May 1st, with a final balance of $455. Enter these values in to the initial Reconcile window as shown here.
During the reconciliation process, you check off each transaction in the account as you confirm that the transaction appears in both your GnuCash account and the credit card statement. For this example, as shown in the figure below, there is a $300 difference between your GnuCash accounts and the credit card statement.
Some investigation uncovers that you forgot to record a payment you made on March 5th to the credit card company for $300, you must enter this payment transaction from your bank account to the credit card. Now the credit card statement and your GnuCash account can be reconciled, with a balance of $455.
Payment¶
Assuming you have completed reconciliation of your credit card account, you need to make a payment to the credit card company. In this example, we owe $455 but will make a partial payment of $300 again this month. To do so, enter a transaction from your bank account to the credit card account for $300, which should reduce your credit card balance to $155. Your credit card account register should now appear like this:
Go back to the main window and save your file (gcashdata_6). Your
chart of accounts is steadily growing, and it should now look like this:
Save file¶
Last, save the GnuCash data file (gcashdata_6).
Reports¶
As we did in the previous chapters, let’s have a look at a Cash Flow, and a Transaction Report.
First let’s have a look at the Cash Flow report for the liability account Visa during the month of March.
Select the cash flow report from Reports > Income & Expense > Cash Flow.
Now let’s have a look at corresponding transaction report for the Visa account.
Select the transaction report from Reports > Transaction Report.
Now let’s change the transaction report to only show the various Expenses accounts.
